Early warning and problem detection in rotating machinery by monitoring shaft voltage and/or grounding current

ABSTRACT

A rotating machinery monitor provides a warning that is indicative of a developing problem with the rotating machinery. The rotating machinery monitor has at least one current sensor for detecting shaft grounding current and/or at least one voltage sensor for detecting shaft voltage in the rotating machinery; a monitoring device for monitoring real-time shaft grounding current values and/or real-time shaft voltage values over time; a detector for determining the change and/or determining the rate of change, in the shaft grounding current and/or in the shaft voltage; an evaluation system for producing a warning as a function of the change and/or rate of change, in the shaft grounding current and/or the shaft voltage wherein the warning generated is indicative of a developing problem with the rotating machinery.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/956,014, which is a Reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 6,460,013, entitled Shaft Voltage/Current Monitoring System For Early Warning And Problem Detection, filed on May 3, 2000, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/132,782, filed on May 6, 1999, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/133,762, filed on May 12, 1999. This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/437,966, entitled Shaft Voltage/Current Monitoring System For Early Warning And Problem Detection, filed on Jan. 3, 2003, and claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/439,182, entitled Early Warning of Developing Problems In Rotating Machinery As Provided By Monitoring Shaft Voltages And Grounding Currents, filed on Jan. 10, 2003.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to rotating machinery and more particularly to a shaft sensor for monitoring rotating machinery.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Monitoring and maintenance methods for rotating machinery, such as generators, motors and turbo-machinery, currently lack sufficiently reliable for accurately indicating certain important problems, such as cracking of power transmission components or their structural support members, inadequacy of local lubrication, excessive wear, shorted insulation, stator winding faults, and various other failures. Rotating machinery faults and failures lead to unnecessary expenses, which could be avoided by timely repair or scheduled maintenance. The occasional catastrophic failure of rotating machinery can result in costly repairs and system down time, having a rippling effect on businesses dependent on the plant machinery or the power generated by the plant machinery. Downtime caused by a failure of rotating machinery reduces productivity and profitability.

Therefore, there is a need to monitor rotating machinery to reliably predict development of a failure as well as to determine when the rotating machinery operation is normal.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a rotating machinery monitor, which provides a warning that is indicative of a developing problem with the rotating machinery. The rotating machinery monitor has at least one current sensor for detecting shaft grounding current or at least one voltage sensor for detecting shaft voltage in the rotating machinery; a monitoring device for monitoring real-time shaft grounding current values and/or real-time shaft voltage values over time; a detector for determining the change and/or determining the rate of change, in the shaft grounding current and/or in the shaft voltage; an evaluation system for producing a warning as a function of the change and/or rate of change, in the shaft grounding current and/or the shaft voltage wherein the warning generated is indicative of a developing problem with the rotating machinery.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with the drawings, of which:

FIG. 1 shows a typical wave form produced from the signals of the shaft-riding brushes;

FIGS. 2 a, 2 b and 2 c show traces of the shaft voltage and/or current signals for analysis and/or recording;

FIG. 3 is an exemplary schematic representation of the present invention VCM in use with a large turbine generator;

FIG. 4 is an exemplary schematic representation of the present invention VCM in use with industrial-class machinery;

FIG. 5 shows a schematic block diagram of a representative embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 shows a more detailed schematic block diagram of the channel interface;

FIG. 7 shows a more detailed schematic block diagram of a CPU module;

FIG. 8 is a shaft conditioned modular monitoring system functional block diagram; and,

FIG. 9 is a VCM shaft conditioned monitoring system functional block diagram.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

In rotating machinery a shaft imbalance, winding deficiency, seal failure, bearing failure and other similar failures result in changes to a normal shaft voltage and/or current, which can be sensed using a pick-up on the rotating shaft. The present invention, shaft voltage current monitoring system for early warning and problem detection, is a monitoring system which tracks shaft voltages and currents, providing advance notification of most unit problems. The monitoring system employs a shaft voltage and/or current monitor (the VCM) which gives readings of shaft current and shaft voltage, and provides an indication of the start of a problem in rotating machinery. However, the shaft voltage and/or current signals require a specially trained observer and an intimate knowledge of system failure profiles to make sense out of the raw signals.

Trending of shaft voltage and/or current over time indicates development of specific irregularities when they first occur, long before standard instruments and monitors respond to the abnormality. Traditional instruments and monitors indicate and/or alarm only after an abnormality has existed for sufficient time to generate enough heat, vibration, noise or contamination to be indicated or to set off an alarm, by which time, damage has already occurred. An advance warning is provided by the VCM system, either indicating a definite problem requiring action, or alerting operators that they should note trends of conventional instruments and monitors for potential development of a problem. Corrective measures can then be implemented as the situation dictates, typically before damage occurs. Further, a prediction can be made as to the future of shaft voltage and current monitoring in rotating machinery, thus enabling the VCM system to act as a precursor and confirming factor in unit operation and maintenance.

The VCM system, using the shaft as a sensor provides shaft signals, which alert the operators and engineers to take either definite action or to exercise precautions, such precautions can include the monitoring and trending of conventional sensors and instruments in order to identify and possibly confirm an indicated condition.

One representative embodiment of the VCM system utilizes surface mount technology in the design of the circuit board, thus providing a relatively small, yet highly functional system which can be integrated into the machine/motor. As the VCM system is typically mounted near the machine, it is considered a “smart field sensor.” The VCM system input consists of current and voltage signals from insulated shaft riding brushes employed to ground the shaft and sense shaft voltages. While the VCM system can be fed from any type of insulated shaft riding brush, a high quality brush is preferable because of its very reliable performance. Two different shaft-riding brushes include the reliable bristle type and a copper strap used as a brush. With frequent maintenance, the strap has fairly good reliability, but it tends to fail if not cleaned often. The bristle brush picks up a real-time signal, depicting either current or voltage.

The VCM system utilizes real-time input of raw shaft quantities, grounding currents and shaft voltages. The signals are conditioned and converted for transmission to the signal processing and analysis system. The signals can equally well be converted into other standard forms for serial and parallel digital interfaces. The particular types of interfaces as well as conversion between the forms of signals are well known to those skilled in the art.

The shaft voltage and current input signals are processed such that the raw information is condensed by the VCM system, producing manageable data volume. A typical waveform, produced from the signals of the shaft-riding brushes is shown in FIG. 1 with the shaft signal plotted over time. This raw shaft signal is fed to a signal processing and analysis system. A normalized and condensed signal, representative of the original wave, is available for signal evaluation and unit condition determination, either by a computer-based system, specialized digital circuit, analog circuit or hybrid system.

Referring to FIGS. 2 a, 2 b and 2 c there are shown traces of the VCM signals which are supplied for analysis. Note that in one embodiment, a representative 5 ms interval on the real-time trace is comparable to one hour on the VCM output traces, constituting a reduction in data by 720,000 times. Other levels of data reduction are equally well suited, dependent upon the devices interfaced and how the analysis is performed.

FIG. 2 a shows variations in the shaft voltage and grounding current, indicating the unit is “OK.” FIG. 2 b shows correspondence of the other traces, except for one period where the voltage drops and the current increases slightly, arousing suspicion of possible problem development. FIG. 2 c shows wild deflections, a significant deviation from the straight-line low-level characteristics it had for days before and after this period. The cause for this behavior is still not known; however, it is indicative of a developing problem. Problems producing this type of characteristic include stator core lamination packet shorting, rotor field winding turn shorting, or stator coil transposition shorting. All of these problems will appear stable after the faulting components melt together, thereby stressing the importance of continuous monitoring so as not to miss an event. None of this damage is shown on conventional instrumentation during early stages of its development.

Since the shaft grounding current and voltage are very sensitive to changes in the machinery, a developing problem can be detected long before there is damage and long before these are indicated by conventional monitors and/or unit instrumentation. An example of this is the occurrence of a shaft rub. The instant a metal-to-metal rub exists, the VCM system will detect an increase in the shaft grounding current and a decrease in the shaft voltage, while vibration and temperature sensors will not show indications of an abnormality until after the rub has existed long enough for damage to occur which produces excessive heat and vibration. It should be noted that the VCM system warnings can be used in combination with temperature, vibration and other instruments.

Interpretation of the VCM output signals is highly dependent on the location of the train grounding brushes and voltage sensing brushes. On larger trains, such as turbine generators, dual VCM's are used with one for each brush or group of brushes. Multiple brushes and VCM's carry higher grounding currents and provide redundancy, which is useful for ensuring continuous shaft grounding during brush maintenance.

FIG. 3 shows one example of applying first grounding brush 302, second grounding brushes 304, first shaft voltage sensing brush 306 and second shaft voltage sensing brush 308 to a large turbine generator 300. The large turbine generator 300 is essentially a turbine 316 coupled to a generator 314. The turbine 316 is typically comprised of a HP turbine 318, which is coupled to an IP turbine 320, which is coupled to an LP turbine 322. Note that the grounding brush cables connect to current shunts or tapped resistors 310 if current limiting is desired. From here, the grounding cables connect to the nearby lower turbine bearing housing 312, shown at the generator 314. The turbine bearing may alternatively be selected where there is voltage between the generator frame and ground. In any case, the lower bearing housing, along with the generator frame and turbine casings should be bonded to the station ground grid. A first shaft voltage and/or current monitor (VCM) 328 and a second shaft voltage and/or current monitor (VCM) 330 are coupled to first and second grounding brushes 302 and 304, first and second shaft voltage sensing brushes 306 and 308, and current shunt or tapped resistors 310. The first VCM 328 and the second VCM 330 provide data signals and alarm signals 332 which are coupled to a signal processing analysis system 324. A change detector determines the rate of change (first order derivative) of the shaft grounding current and the rate of change (first order derivative) of the shaft voltage. The signal processing analysis system 324 can be a dedicated circuit, digital logic circuitry, a programmable circuit, a time-shared or time sliced device, a digital processor, a microprocessor, as well as similar devices. This circuitry can be made up of solid-state comparators, displays, converters, transmitters and conditioners, providing notification of possible developing problems. A voltage spike and transient absorber 326 can be optionally coupled to the second shaft voltage sensing brush 308 as needed.

Additional shaft grounding may be needed at the collector ring, or exciter end of the generator, due to possible high-frequency voltages imposed by solid-state circuits, as in exciters. These high frequencies are known to damage bearings even when they are insulated, because the insulation acts as a capacitor, passing high frequency currents through the insulation. This current is easily shunted to ground through a tuned filter 316 attached to the second voltage sensing brush 308. An additional and important role of the second sensing brush 308 is to detect loss of insulation integrity at the outboard bearing, hydrogen seal, or coupling.

The first sensing brush 306, located at the turbine 316, detects an increase in static charge in the turbine 316. Both the first sensing brush 306 and the second sensing brush 308 signal the first development of rubs as a sudden drop in voltage, usually to ½ the prior value. Additional indications include: a high voltage at the first sensing brush 306, inversely proportional to steam temperature indicates wet steam in the turbine 316; high current in the grounding brushes 302 and 304 and low voltage at the second sensing brush 308 indicates loss of bearing or seal insulation; rapid escalation in both the voltage of the second sensing brush 308 and grounding currents indicates a developing stator winding fault; erratic and pulsing voltage and current indicates stator lamination shorting and melting; long term gradual increases in voltage and current indicate a shift in the air gap; pulsing followed by a gradual increase in shaft voltage and current indicates rotor winding faulting; shaft voltage changes related to excitation changes may indicate the need for a shaft voltage harmonic filter; low brush current indicating brush or grounding maintenance required.

Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown an exemplary embodiment of the application of a shaft voltage and/or current monitor (VCM) system to industrial-class machinery 402, such as boiler feed pumps, fans and turbo-compressor trains. Sensing brush 404 is coupled between the shaft at the outboard end of the machinery 402 and the VCM 406. A grounding brush 408 is coupled to the shaft at the inboard end of the machinery 402. The grounding brush 408 is coupled to the VCM 406 through a current shunt 410 and is coupled directly to the VCM 406. The current shunt 410 is coupled to the bearing housing 412. The VCM 406 provides data signals and alarm signals 414, which are coupled to a signal processing analysis system 416.

Referring to FIG. 5 in conjunction with FIGS. 6 and 7 there is shown a block diagram of one embodiment of the present invention. Although the present invention is well suited for implementation by board level integration, it is equally well suited for higher integration, including hybrid analog/digital boards, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and hybrid analog/digital integrated circuits. The higher level of integration provides the ability to increase reliability of motors in mission critical applications such as medical devices, aerospace industry and continuous process machinery.

In one embodiment, the motor can be designed as a replacement for existing motors, wherein an integral monitoring and alarm/warning are transparent to normal unit operation and further, the motor replacement with integral monitoring can be installed as a direct replacement for an existing motor. In another embodiment, where the motor replacement with integral monitoring is installed in equipment having digital communication capabilities, the reduced data and/or the alarm/warning information may be integrated through the digital communications.

Again referring to FIG. 5 there is shown a shaft 502 in cross section having shaft sensors 504 and 506. Shaft sensor 504 is coupled to voltage module and signal conditioner 508. Shaft sensor 506 is coupled to active shunt current module and signal conditioner 510. Channel interface 512 is typically one of four, which are utilized in this embodiment. The channel interface 512 may be a plug in module/board, or integrated as an ASIC. A first and second output of the active shunt current module and signal conditioner 510 are coupled to the channel interface 512. The first and second outputs of the voltage module and signal conditioner 508 are coupled to the channel interface 512.

The outputs of the channel interface 512 are coupled to a main bus module 516. A control bus of the main bus module 516 is coupled to each channel interface 512, memory modules 514 and alarm interface 524. A data bus of the main bus module 516 is coupled to each channel interface 512, memory modules 514 and alarm interface 524. The alarm interface 524 is coupled to an output signal termination block 526 by a 4–20 mA or other suitable interface.

A CPU module 518 is coupled to the control bus and the data bus of the main bus module 516. The CPU module 518 also coupled to a communications interface 520 and a display module 522. The CPU module 518 with suitable program memory contains the diagnostic algorithm.

Again referring to FIG. 6 there is shown shows a more detailed schematic block diagram of the channel interface 512. A first output of the active shunt current module and signal conditioner 510 is coupled to first low pass filter 602. A first output of the voltage module and signal conditioner 508 is coupled to second low pass filter 604. A second output of the active shunt current module and signal conditioner 510 and a second output of the voltage module and signal conditioner 508 are coupled to current/voltage selection jumpers 606. The output of the first low pass filter 602 is coupled to peak current circuitry 608 and average current circuitry 610. The output of second low pass filter 604 is coupled to peak voltage circuitry 612. The outputs of peak current circuitry 608, average current circuitry 610 and peak voltage circuitry 612 are coupled to the function selection jumpers 614. The output of the function selection jumpers 614 is coupled to an analog to digital converter 616. The output of the analog to digital converter 616 is coupled to a first eight-bit latch 620 and to the least significant bits of a second eight-bit latch 622. Card type select jumpers 624 are coupled to V+ and the most significant bits of the second eight-bit latch 622. The output of the current/voltage selection jumpers 606 is coupled to analog to digital encoder and latch 618. The current/voltage selection jumpers 606, the function selection jumpers 614 and the card type select jumpers 624 can be implemented with any number of suitable methods or devices including switches and with circuitry and the description should not be considered limiting. The outputs of the first eight-bit latch 620, the second eight-bit latch 622, and the analog to digital encoder and latch 618 are coupled to a data bus of main bus module 516.

Again referring to FIG. 7 there is shown shows a more detailed schematic block diagram of the CPU module 518. The CPU module 518 is coupled to the main bus module 516. The CPU module 518 contains a card/device select 704, which is coupled to the control bus of the main bus module 516. The control bus and the data bus of the main bus module 516 are coupled to a digital microcontroller with suitable program memory (such as a flash EEPROM) 702, which is coupled to a serial communications interface 520, graphics display controller 708, and external memory 706. The external memory 706 and the graphics display controller 708 are coupled through a data bus to the card/device select 704. The graphics display controller 708 is coupled to a suitable display module 522 such as a LCD graphics display module. The digital microcontroller 702 with suitable program memory contains the diagnostic algorithms.

Referring to FIG. 8 there is shown a shaft conditioned modular monitoring system functional block diagram, wherein a shaft 802 in cross section having shaft sensors 804 and 806. Shaft sensor 804 is coupled to voltage module 808. Shaft sensor 806 is coupled with shunt 810 to current module 812. Interface module 814 couples voltage module 808 to data compression analysis and diagnostic system 818. Interface module 816 couple current module 812 to the data compression analysis and diagnostic system 818. A SC handheld meter 820 is coupled to voltage module 808. The data compression analysis and diagnostic system 818 produce output signals 822 which provide early warning information of a rotating unit developing problems, minimum and maximum alarms, peak and average values, and FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) information to the rotating machinery control room.

Referring to FIG. 9 there is shown a VCM shaft conditioned monitoring system functional block diagram, wherein a shaft 902 in cross section having shaft sensors 904 and 906. Shaft sensor 904 is coupled to VCM 912. Shaft sensor 906 is coupled with shunt 910 to VCM 912. VCM 912 is coupled to data compression analysis and diagnostic system 914. The data compression analysis and diagnostic system 914 produce output signals 916 which provide early warning information of a rotating unit developing problems, minimum and maximum alarms, peak and average values, and FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) information to the rotating machinery control room.

The detailed design, of the many implementations of the functional circuit elements described herein, are well known to those skilled in the art. Many other embodiments of the functional elements are equally well suited. While the present invention VCM system is ideally suited for use in a digital environment and has been so described, the fundamental concepts are applicable to an analog environment as well. The actual signals being monitored may be digitized at a number of stages, or may remain in analog form and be compared to predetermined levels for detection and prediction of problems.

Indications of problems includes: voltage decrease to half or less and current significant increases indicates shaft rub; and current and voltage increases by two times indicates static charge from steam, oil or product flow. Where the monitored equipment is an electrical machine, indications of problems includes: current increase and voltage decrease indicates loss of bearing, seal or coupling insulation; voltage and current 60 Hz erratic increase indicates developing stator core/winding faulting; high voltage and current at 60 Hz indicates magnetic circuit asymmetry or air gap misalignment; and pulsing then gradually increasing 60 Hz voltage and current indicates rotor winding faulting. Additional brushes and VCM's may be required on some trains because they include electrically active items, such as motors and generators. This is also the case where there are electrically separate shafts needing protection, such as on the opposite side of gears and couplings, if insulated or gear-type. The need should be determined by the designer and the user, and should be based on the particular characteristics of the machinery.

With predictive information being available from the VCM system, one way to improve performance and on-line operating time is to programmatically set up algorithms to automatically recognize and diagnose possible development of a problem. The algorithms can be based upon the conditions described below in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. Shaft voltage and grounding current monitoring by the VCM system is analyzed to determine unit condition and provide predictive capabilities.

TABLE 1 VCM-E WARNINGS OF PROBLEM DEVELOPMENT IN ALL ELECTRICALLY-ISOLATED ROTATING MACHINERY SHAFTS 5 4 Shaft element 1 2 3 High Localized Contact to Shaft Grounding High Electrostatic High Residual Internal Residual Stationary element ITEM Maintenance Charge on Shaft Magnetism Magnetism (Bearing, Seal) lpk <<lpkmn >lpkmx >lpkmx <lpkmn >>lpkmx↑it lav <<lavmn <lavmn >>lavmx↑it lf er er nrf nrf Vpk ↑it <Vpkmx <Vpkmn ↓it lpk/lav >2. >2. <2. EM/f ?/er ↑/nrf ↑/nrf ↑/rf CONFIRM 1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot ↑st Brg. Temp. ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot ↑st Oil Particles. ↑ot ↑ot Audible ↑ot ↑ot ↑st Shaft displacement ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot CONFIRM #2; lpk = 0 VCM voltage readings with shaft grounding disconnected. Current flow in brgs, etc.? Vpk <Vpkmn >>Vpkmx >Vpkmx <Vpkmn >Vpkmx Vav <Vavmn <Vavmx. >Vavmx <Vavmn >Vavmx Vf er nrf nrf Vpk/Av >2. Visual & Test Inspect and Frosting on Heavy frosting, Dismantle and Rub t of rotating ohmeter test Bearings, seals spark tracks at make magnetic to stationary brush, cables & bearings. Shaft survey of parts. Thermal grounding drops and/or internal distortion, circuit moves axially components discoloration Causes a. There is no stray a. Wet Stream. a. Magnetized components, a. Magnetism inside unit, a. Looseness, movement.  voltage source. b. Dry steam.  rotor or stator.  not measurable either as b. Imbalance. b. Brush contact to the c. High oil b. Improper welding  magnetism or generated c. Foreign objects.  shaft is lost.  velocity.  practices.  voltage external to the d. Mechanical distortion. c. Brush grounding d. Oil filter. c. Electric currents.  unit.  circuit is open. d. Magnetic Particle b. Usually a rub, installed  inspection.  magnetized part, e. Lightning.  welding, MPI etc.

TABLE 2 SPECIFIC TO INDUCTION MOTORS AND INDUCTION GENERATORS E Electrical system G Induction motor A Shorted insulation B Shorted stator or C Armature winding D Low level has phase F Uneven Air gap or bar or end ring on bearing, seal or rotor core turn or transposition armature winding unbalance or stator segment breakage or ITEM coupling. laminations. fault. fault to ground. harmonics. misalignment discontinuity. lpk >>lpkmx↑st >lpkmxer >lpkmx↑ot >lpkmx↑ot >lpkmx >lpkmx >lpkmx lav >>lavmx↑st >lavmxer >lavmx↑ot >lavmx↑ot >lavmx >lavmx >lavmx f ef nef nef ef + 3h nef nrf nrf Vpk <Vpkmnit >Vpkmxster >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx lpk/lav <2. <2. <2. <2. <2. CONFIRM 1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑st ↑ot ↑st Brg. Temp. ↑st Arm. Temp. ↑ot ↑st OilParticles ↑st Audible ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot Core Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot Harm Iph ↑iter ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot + sbf Harm Vph ↑ot Par. Disch. ↑it ↑it ↑ot Gas Monitor ↑ster ↑ot ↑ot CONFIRM #2 Based on VCM voltage readings when grounding brush(es) are disconnected momentarily Vpk >Vpkmn >Vpkmxer >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx Vav >Vavmn >Vavmxer >Vavmx >Vavmx >Vavmx >Vavmx >Vavmx Vf ef nef nef ef + 3h nef nrf nrf Visual and Tests Look for shorted insulation; ** Inspect lamination edges ** Inspect coils for signs of ** Megger, high-pot test Operating examination and ** Look for possible ** Confirm side band test measure insulation resistance with a 60× microscope. over heating. Measure armature phases then coil fast fourier analysis on the weld cracks, core or results by careful rotor cage with ohmmeter following Perform core “loop test” and phase, coil group resis- groups and coils to isolate power system voltages and segment shifts. Measure inspection, broken bar test and procedure in IEEE #112 possibly el-cid test tances, progressively to fault line currents air gap fully around the x-ray examinations. isolate. bore, both ends. Causes Foreign object, Foreign object, Short circuit Coil fault near Unbalance or Misalign rotor Inertia, load bad design or loose, tight, or between coil neutral or start harmonics of in stator, too high for assembly overheated Adjacent turns of a large fault the electrical broken welds, starting inertia core. or conductors. to ground. power system no dowels or poor braze

TABLE 3 SPECIFIC TO SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS AND GENERATORS A Shorted insulation C Armature winding D Low level armature E Electrical system on bearing, seal or B Shorted stator core turn or transposition winding fault to has phase unbalance ITEM coupling. laminations. fault. ground. or harmonics. lpk >lpkmx↑st >lpkmxer >lpkmx↑ot >lpkmx↑ot >lpkmx lav >lavmx↑st >lavmxer >lavmx↑ot >lavmx↑ot >lavmx f ef nef nef ef + 3h nef Vpk <Vpkmnit >Vpkmxer >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx lpk/lav <2. er <2. <2. CONFIRM 1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑st Brg. Temp. ↑st Arm. Temp. ↑ot ↑st OilParticles ↑st Audible ↑ot ↑ot Core Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot Harm Iph ↑iter ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot Harm Vph ↑ot Par. Disch. ↑it ↑it ↑ot Gas Monitor ↑ster ↑ot ↑ot Fld grnd fault CONFIRM #2 VCM voltage readings with shaft grounding disconnected. Current flow in brgs, etc.? Vpk >Vpkmn >Vpkmxer >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx Vav >Vavmn >Vavmxer >Vavmx >Vavmx >Vavmx Vf ef nef nef Nef + 3h nef Visual and Tests Look for shorted insula- ** Inspect lamination ** Inspect coils for signs ** Megger, high-pot test Operating examination tion; measure insulation edges with a 60× micro- of over heating. Measure armature phases then coil and fast fourier analysis resistance with ohmmeter scope. Perform core phase, coil group resis- groups and coils to on the power system following IEEE #1112 “loop test” and possibly tances, progressively to isolate fault voltages and line currents el-cid test isolate. Causes Foreign object, bad Foreign object; loose, Short circuit between Coil fault near neutral or Unbalance or harmonics design or assembly tight, or overheated coil, adjacent turns or start of a large fault to of the electrical power core. conductors. ground. sys. F Uneven Air gap or H Short circuiting of J voltage or current stator segment field excitation winding I Field excitation transients from ITEM misalignment turns winding ground fault excitation current. lpk >lpkmx >lpkmx↑er >>lpkmxit >>lpkmx lav >lavmx >lavmx↑er >>lavmxit <lavmn f nrf nxrf nef nef Vpk >Vpkmx >Vpkmx↑er >>Vpkmxit >Vpkmx lpk/lav <2. >2. CONFIRM 1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot Brg. Temp. Arm. Temp. OilParticles Audible Core Vibr. ↑ot Harm Iph Harm Vph Par. Disch. Gas Monitor Fld grnd fault ↑it CONFIRM #2 VCM voltage readings with shaft grounding disconnected. Current flow in brgs, etc.? Vpk >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >>Vpkmx Vav >Vavmx >Vavmx >Vavmx <Vavmn Vf nrf nrf 6xer Visual and ** Look for possible weld High field current at load. Low *Low megger, Visual check Oscilloscope trace of shaft Tests cracks, core or segment shifts. rotor winding AC impedance collector, field leads. ** May voltage and current confirm Measure air gap fully around turn test ** AC pole drop test. require removal & dismantle excitation supply as the source. the bore, both ends Dismantle rotor rotor to locate Causes Misalign rotor in stator, Rotor coil turn distortion Weakness or break- Excitation system broken welds, no dowels due to centrifugal forces down of excitation transients with no and thermal distortion winding, leads to gnd. suppression

TABLE 4 SPECIFIC TO DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS AND GENERATORS A Shorted insulation E-Commutator or brush on bearing, seal or B Shorted armature C Armature winding D Low level armature problems causing ITEM coupling. core laminations. turn fault. winding fault to ground. circuit unbalance. lpk >lpkmx↑st >lpkmxer >lpkmx↑ot >lpkmx↑ot >>lpkmxit lav >lavmx↑st >lavmxer >lavmx↑ot >lavmx↑ot >>lavmxit f nrf nrf nrf nrf er Vpk <Vpkmnit >Vpkmxer >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx lpk/lav <2. er <2. <2. CONFIRM 1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑st Brg. Temp. ↑st Arm. Temp. ↑ot ↑st OilParticles ↑st Audible ↑ot ↑ot Harm I ↑iter ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot Harm V ↑ot Fld grnd fault CONFIRM #2 VCM voltage readings with shaft grounding disconnected. Current flow in brgs, etc.? Vpk >Vpkmn >Vpkmxer >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx Vav >Vavmn >Vavmxer >Vavmx >Vlavmx >Vavmx Vf nrf nrf nrf nrf er Visual and Tests Look for shorted insula- ** Inspect lamination ** Inspect coils for signs ** Megger, high-pot test Operating examination tion; measure insulation edges with a 60× micro- of over heating. Measure armature phases then coil and fast fourier analysis resistance with ohmmeter scope. Perform core phase, coil group resis- groups and coils to on the power system following procedure in “loop test” and possibly tances, progressively to isolate fault voltages and line currents IEEE #113 el-cid test isolate. Causes Foreign object, bad Foreign object; loose, Short circuit between Coil fault near neutral or Unbalance or harmonics design or assembly tight, or overheated coil Adjacent turns or start of a large fault to of the electrical power core. conductors. ground. system H Short circuiting of J voltage transients F Uneven Air gap or field excitation winding I Field excitation from armature or ITEM field pole misalignment turns winding ground fault excitation supply. lpk >lpkmx >lpkmx↑er >>lpkmxit >>lpkmx lav >lavmx >lavmx↑er >>lavmxit <lavmn f nrf nrf nrf nef Vpk >Vpkmx >Vpkmx↑er >>Vpkmxit >Vpkmx lpk/lav <2. >>2. CONFIRM 1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot Brg. Temp. Arm. Temp. OilParticles Audible Harm I Harm V Fld grnd fault ↑it CONFIRM #2 VCM voltage readings with shaft grounding disconnected. Current flow in brgs, etc.? Vpk >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >>Vpkmx Vav >Vavmx >Vavmx >Vavmx <Vavmn Vf nrf nrf nrf nef Visual and ** Look for possible weld High field current at load. Low *Low megger, Visual check Oscilloscope trace of shaft Tests cracks, core or segment shifts. rotor winding AC impedance collector, field leads. ** To voltage and current confirm Measure air gap fully around turn test ** AC pole drop test. locate fault. May excitation supply as the source. the bore, both ends. Dismantle rotor require removal and dismantle rotor Causes Misalign rotor in stator, Rotor coil turn distortion Weakness or breakdown Excitation system broken welds, no dowels due to centrifugal forces of excitation winding, transients with no and thermal distortion leads to ground suppression

The algorithms can also be based upon the shaft grounding current conditions alone described below in Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8. Shaft grounding current monitoring by the VCM system is analyzed to determine unit condition and provide predictive capabilities.

TABLE 5 VCM-E WARNINGS FROM SHAFT GROUNDING CURRENT ALONE OF PROBLEM DEVELOPMENT IN ANY ELECTRICALLY-ISOLATED ROTATING MACHINERY SHAFT. 5 4 Shaft element 1 2 3 High Localized Contact to Shaft Grounding High Electrostatic High Residual Internal Residual Stationary element ITEM Maintenance Charge on Shaft Magnetism Magnetism (Bearing, Seal) lpk <<lpkmn >lpkmx >lpkmx <lpkmn >>lpkmx↑it lav <<lavmn <lavmn >>lavmx↑it f er er nrf nrf lpk/lav >2. <2. <2. CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot ↑st Brg. Temp. ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot ↑st Oil Particles. ↑ot ↑ot Audible ↑ot ↑ot ↑st Shaft displacement ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot Visual & Test Inspect and Frosting on Heavy frosting, Dismantle and Rub t of rotating ohmeter test Bearings, seals spark tracks at make magnetic to stationary brush, cables & bearings. Shaft survey of parts. Thermal grounding drops and/or internal distortion, circuit moves axially components discoloration Causes a. There is no stray a. Wet Stream. a. Magnetized components, a. Magnetism inside unit, a. Looseness, movement.  voltage source. b. Dry steam.  rotor or stator.  not measurable either as b. Imbalance. b. Brush contact to the c. High oil b. Improper welding  magnetism or generated c. Foreign objects.  shaft is lost.  velocity.  practices.  voltage external to the d. Mechanical distortion. c. Brush grounding d. Oil filter. c. Electric currents.  unit.  circuit is open. d. Magnetic Particle b. Usually a rub, installed  inspection.  magnetized part, e. Lightning.  welding, MPI etc.

TABLE 6 VCM-E WARNINGS FROM SHAFT GROUNDING CURRENT ALONE OF PROBLEM DEVELOPMENT SPECIFIC TO INDUCTION MOTORS AND INDUCTION GENERATORS A Shorted insulation B Shorted stator or C Armature winding D Low level on bearing, seal or rotor core turn or transposition armature winding ITEM coupling. laminations. fault. fault to ground. lpk >>lpkmx↑st >lpkmxer >lpkmx↑ot >lpkmx↑ot lav >>lavmx↑st >lavmxer >lavmx↑ot >lavmx↑ot f ef nef nef ef + 3h lpk/lav <2. <2. <2. <2. CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑st Brg. Temp. ↑st Arm. Temp. ↑ot ↑st OilParticles ↑st Audible ↑ot Core Vibr. ↑ot Harm Iph ↑iter ↑ot ↑ot Harm Vph ↑ot Par. Disch. ↑it ↑it ↑ot Gas Monitor ↑ster ↑ot ↑ot Visual and Tests Look for shorted insulation; ** Inspect lamination edges ** Inspect coils for signs of ** Megger, high-pot test measure insulation resistance with a 60× microscope. over heating. Measure phase, armature phases then coil with ohmmeter following Perform core “loop test” and coil group resistances, groups and coils to isolate procedure in IEEE #112 possibly el-cid test progressively to isolate. fault Causes Foreign object, Foreign object, Short circuit Coil fault near bad design or loose, tight, or between coil neutral or start assembly overheated Adjacent turns of a large fault core. or conductors. to ground. E Electrical system G Induction motor has phase F Uneven Air gap or bar or end ring unbalance or stator segment breakage or ITEM harmonics. misalignment discontinuity. lpk >lpkmx >lpkmx >lpkmx lav >lavmx >lavmx >lavmx f nef nrf nrf lpk/lav <2. CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑ot ↑st Brg. Temp. Arm. Temp. OilParticles Audible ↑ot ↑ot Core Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot Harm Iph ↑ot ↑ot + sbf Harm Vph Par. Disch. Gas Monitor Visual and Tests Operating examination and fast ** Look for possible weld ** Confirm side band test fourier analysis on the power cracks, core or segment shifts. results by careful rotor cage system voltages and line Measure air gap fully around inspection, broken bar test and currents the bore, both ends. x-ray examinations. Causes Unbalance or Misalign rotor Inertia, load harmonics of in stator, too high for the electrical broken welds, starting inertia power system no dowels or poor braze

TABLE 7 VCM-E WARNINGS FROM SHAFT GROUNDING CURRENT ALONE OF PROBLEM DEVELOPMENT SPECIFIC TO SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS AND GENERATORS A Shorted insulation C Armature winding D Low level armature E Electrical system on bearing, seal or B Shorted stator core turn or transposition winding fault to has phase unbalance ITEM coupling. laminations. fault. ground. or harmonics. lpk >lpkmx↑st >lpkmxer >lpkmx↑ot >lpkmx↑ot >lpkmx lav >lavmx↑st >lavmxer >lavmx↑ot >lavmx↑ot >lavmx f ef nef nef ef + 3h nef lpk/lav <2. er <2. <2. CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑st Brg. Temp. ↑st Arm. Temp. ↑ot ↑st OilParticles ↑st Audible ↑ot ↑ot Core Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot Harm Iph ↑iter ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot Harm Vph ↑ot Par. Disch. ↑it ↑it ↑ot Gas Monitor ↑ster ↑ot ↑ot Fld grnd fault Visual and Tests Look for shorted insula- ** Inspect lamination ** Inspect coils for signs ** Megger, high-pot test Operating examination tion; measure insulation edges with a 60× micro- of over heating. Measure armature phases then coil and fast fourier analysis resistance with ohmmeter scope. Perform core phase, coil group resis- groups and coils to iso- on the power system following procedure in “loop test” and possibly tances, progressively to late fault voltages and line currents el-cid test isolate. Causes Foreign object, bad Foreign object; loose, Short circuit between Coil fault near neutral Unbalance or design or assembly tight, or overheated coil or start of a large harmonics of the core. Adjacent turns or fault to ground. electrical power conductors system F Uneven Air gap or H Short circuiting of J voltage or current stator segment field excitation winding I Field excitation transients from ITEM misalignment turns winding ground fault excitation current. lpk >lpkmx >lpkmx↑er >>lpkmxit >>lpkmx lav >lavmx >lavmx↑er >>lavmxit <lavmn f nrf nxrf nef nef lpk/lav <2. >2. CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot Brg. Temp. Arm. Temp. OilParticles Audible Core Vibr. ↑ot Harm Iph Harm Vph Par. Disch. Gas Monitor Fld grnd fault ↑it Visual and ** Look for possible weld High field current at load. Low *Low megger, Visual check Oscilloscope trace of shaft Tests cracks, core or segment shifts. rotor winding AC impedance collector, field leads. **To voltage and current confirm Measure air gap fully around the turn test ** AC pole drop test. locate fault. May require excitation supply as the source. bore, both ends Dismantle rotor removal and dismantle rotor Causes Misalign rotor in Rotor coil turn Weakness or Excitation system stator, broken welds, distortion due to breakdown of transients with no no dowels centrifugal forces and excitation winding, suppression thermal distortion leads to ground

TABLE 8 VCM-E WARNINGS FROM SHAFT GROUNDING CURRENT ALONE OF PROBLEM DEVELOPMENT SPECIFIC TO DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS AND GENERATORS A Shorted insulation E-Commutator or brush on bearing, seal or B Shorted armature C Armature winding D Low level armature problems causing ITEM coupling. core laminations. turn fault. winding fault to ground. circuit unbalance. lpk >lpkmx↑st >lpkmxer >lpkmx↑ot >lpkmx↑ot >>lpkmxit lav >lavmx↑st >lavmxer >lavmx↑ot >lavmx↑ot >>lavmxit f nrf nrf nrf nrf er lpk/lav <2. er <2. <2. CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑st Brg. Temp. ↑st Arm. Temp. ↑ot ↑st OilParticles ↑st Audible ↑ot ↑ot Harm I ↑iter ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot Harm V ↑ot Fld grnd fault Visual and Tests Look for shorted insula- ** Inspect lamination ** Inspect coils for signs ** Megger, high-pot test Operating examination tion; measure insulation edges with a 60× micro- of over heating. Measure armature phases then coil and fast fourier analysis resistance with ohmmeter scope. Perform core phase, coil group resis- groups and coils to iso- on the power system following procedure in “loop test” and possibly tances, progressively to late fault voltages and line currents IEEE #113 el-cid test isolate. Causes Foreign object, bad Foreign object; loose, Short circuit between Coil fault near neutral or Unbalance or harmonics design or assembly tight, or overheated coil Adjacent turns or start of a large fault to of the electrical power core. conductors. ground. system H Short circuiting of J voltage transients F Uneven Air gap or field excitation winding I Field excitation from armature or ITEM field pole misalignment. turns winding ground fault excitation supply. lpk >lpkmx >lpkmx↑er >>lpkmxit >>lpkmx lav >lavmx >lavmax↑er >>lavmxit <lavmn f nrf nrf nrf nef lpk/lav <2. >>2. CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot Brg. Temp. Arm. Temp. OilParticles Audible Harm I Harm V Fld grnd fault ↑it Visual and ** Look for possible weld High field current at load. Low *Low megger, Visual check Oscilloscope trace of shaft Tests cracks, core or segment shifts. rotor winding AC impedance collector, field leads. **To voltage and current confirm Measure air gap fully around the turn test ** AC pole drop test. locate fault. May require excitation supply as the source. bore, both ends. Dismantle rotor removal and dismantle rotor Causes Misalign rotor in stator, Rotor coil turn distortion Weakness or breakdown Excitation system broken welds, no dowels due to centrifugal forces of excitation winding, transients with no and thermal distortion leads to ground suppression

The algorithms can be based upon the voltage sensing conditions described below in Tables 9, 10, 11 and 12. Shaft voltage monitoring by the VCM system is analyzed to determine unit condition and provide predictive capabilities. Some representative examples of this analysis follow.

TABLE 9 VCM-E WARNINGS, FROM VOLTAGE SENSING ALONE, OF PROBLEM DEVELOPMENT IN ANY ELECTRICALLY-ISOLATED, NORMALLY WELL-GROUNDED MACHINERY SHAFT. 5 4 Shaft element 1 2 3 High Localized Contact to Shaft Grounding High Electrostatic High Residual Internal Residual Stationary element ITEM Maintenance Charge on Shaft Magnetism Magnetism (Bearing, Seal) f er er nrf nrf Vpk ↑it <Vpkmx. <Vpkmn ↓it EM/f ?/er ↑/nrf ↑/nrf ↑/rf CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot ↑st Brg. Temp. ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot ↑st Oil Particles. ↑ot ↑ot Audible ↑ot ↑ot ↑st Shaft displacement ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot CONFIRM #2; lpk = 0 VCM voltage readings with shaft grounding disconnected. Current flow in brgs, etc.? Vpk ↑it >>Vpkmx >Vpkmx <Vpkmn >Vpkmx Vav ↑it <Vavmx. >Vavmx <Vavmn >Vavmx Vf er nrf nrf Vpk/Vav >2. Visual & Test Inspect and Frosting on Heavy frosting, Dismantle and Rub t of rotating ohmeter test Bearings, seals spark tracks at make magnetic to stationary brush, cables & bearings. Shaft survey of parts. Thermal grounding drops and/or internal distortion, circuit moves axially components discoloration Causes a. There is no stray a. Wet Stream. a. Magnetized components, a. Magnetism inside unit, a. Looseness, movement.  voltage source. b. Dry steam.  rotor or stator.  not measurable either as b. Imbalance. b. Brush contact to the c. High oil b. Improper welding  magnetism or generated c. Foreign objects.  shaft is lost.  velocity.  practices.  voltage external to the d. Mechanical distortion. c. Brush grounding d. Oil filter. c. Electric currents.  unit.  circuit is open. d. Magnetic Particle b. Usually a rub, installed  inspection.  magnetized part, e. Lightning.  welding, MPI etc.

TABLE 10 VCM-E WARNINGS, FROM VOLATGE SENSING ALONE, OF PROBLEM DEVELOPMENT IN ANY ELECTRICALLY-ISOLATED, WELL-GROUNDED, MACHINERY SHAFT SPECIFIC TO INDUCTION MOTORS AND INDUCTION GENERATORS A Shorted insulation B Shorted stator or C Armature winding D Low level on bearing, seal or rotor core turn or transposition armature winding ITEM coupling. laminations. fault. fault to ground. f ef nef nef ef + 3h Vpk <Vpkmnit >Vpkmxster >Vpkmx >Vpkmx CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑st Brg. Temp. ↑st Arm. Temp. ↑ot ↑st OilParticles ↑st Audible ↑ot Core Vibr. ↑ot Harm Iph ↑iter ↑ot ↑ot Harm Vph ↑ot Par. Disch. ↑it ↑it ↑ot Gas Monitor ↑ster ↑ot ↑ot CONFIRM #2 Based on VCM voltage readings when grounding brush(es) are disconnected momentarily Vpk >Vpkmn >Vpkmxer >Vpkmx >Vpkmx Vav >Vavmn >Vavmxer >Vavmx >Vlavmx Vf ef nef nef ef + 3h Visual and Tests Look for shorted insulation; ** Inspect lamination edges ** Inspect coils for signs of ** Megger, high-pot test measure insulation resistance with a 60× microscope. over heating. Measure phase, armature phases then coil with ohmmeter following Perform core “loop test” and coil group resistances, groups and coils to isolate procedure in IEEE #112 possibly el-cid test progressively to isolate. fault Causes Foreign object, Foreign object, Short circuit Coil fault near bad design or loose, tight, or between coil neutral or start assembly overheated Adjacent turns of a large fault core. or conductors. to ground. E Electrical system G Induction motor has phase F Uneven Air gap or bar or end ring unbalance or stator segment breakage or ITEM harmonics. misalignment discontinuity. f nef nrf nrf Vpk >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑ot ↑st Brg. Temp. Arm. Temp. OilParticles Audible ↑ot ↑ot Core Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot Harm Iph ↑ot ↑ot + sbf Harm Vph Par. Disch. Gas Monitor CONFIRM #2 Based on VCM voltage readings when grounding brush(es) are disconnected momentarily Vpk >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx Vav >Vavmx >Vavmx >Vavmx Vf nef nrf nrf Visual and Tests Operating examination and fast ** Look for possible weld ** Confirm side band test fourier analysis on the power cracks, core or segment shifts. results by careful rotor cage system voltages and line Measure air gap fully around inspection, broken bar test and currents the bore, both ends. x-ray examinations. Causes Unbalance or Misalign rotor Inertia, load harmonics of in stator, too high for the electrical broken welds, starting inertia power system no dowels or poor braze

TABLE 11 VCM-E WARNINGS, FROM VOLTAGE SENSING ALONE, OF PROBLEM DEVELOPMENT IN ANY ELECTRICALLY-ISOLATED, WELL-GROUNDED, MACHINERY SHAFT SPECIFIC TO SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS AND GENERATORS A Shorted insulation C Armature winding D Low level armature E Electrical system on bearing, seal or B Shorted stator core turn or transposition winding fault to has phase unbalance ITEM coupling. laminations. fault. ground. or harmonics. lpk >lpkmx↑st >lpkmxer >lpkmx↑ot >lpkmx↑ot >lpkmx lav >lavmx↑st >lavmxer >lavmx↑ot >lavmx↑ot >lavmx f ef nef nef ef + 3h nef CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑st Brg. Temp. ↑st Arm. Temp. ↑ot ↑st OilParticles ↑st Audible ↑ot ↑ot Core Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot Harm Iph ↑iter ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot Harm Vph ↑ot Par. Disch. ↑it ↑it ↑ot Gas Monitor ↑ster ↑ot ↑ot Fld grnd fault CONFIRM #2 VCM voltage readings with shaft grounding disconnected. Current flow in brgs, etc.? Vpk >Vpkmn >Vpkmxer >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx Vav >Vavmn >Vavmxer >Vavmx >Vlavmx >Vavmx Vf ef nef nef Nef + 3h nef Visual and Tests Look for shorted insula- ** Inspect lamination ** Inspect coils for signs ** Megger, high-pot test Operating examination tion; measure insulation edges with a 60× micro- of over heating. Measure armature phases then coil and fast fourier analysis resistance with ohmmeter scope. Perform core phase, coil group resis- groups and coils to on the power system following procedure in “loop test” and possibly tances, progressively to isolate fault voltages and line currents el-cid test isolate. Causes Foreign object, bad Foreign object; loose, Short circuit between Coil fault near neutral Unbalance or design or assembly tight, or overheated coil or start of a large harmonics of the core. Adjacent turns or fault to ground. electrical power conductors system F Uneven Air gap or H Short circuiting of J voltage or current stator segment field excitation winding I Field excitation transients from ITEM misalignment turns winding ground fault excitation current. lpk >lpkmx >lpkmx↑er >>lpkmxit >>lpkmx lav >lavmx >lavmx↑er >>lavmxit <lavmn f nrf nxrf nef nef CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot Brg. Temp. Arm. Temp. OilParticles Audible Core Vibr. ↑ot Harm Iph Harm Vph Par. Disch. Gas Monitor Fld grnd fault ↑it CONFIRM #2 VCM voltage readings with shaft grounding disconnected. Current flow in brgs, etc.? Vpk >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >>Vpkmx Vav >Vavmx >Vavmx >Vavmx <Vavmn Vf nrf nrf 6xer Visual and ** Look for possible weld High field current at load. Low *Low megger, Visual check Oscilloscope trace of shaft Tests cracks, core or segment shifts. rotor winding AC impedance collector, field leads. **To voltage and current confirm Measure air gap fully around turn test ** AC pole drop test. locate fault. May require re- excitation supply as the source. the bore, both ends Dismantle rotor moval and dismantle rotor Causes Misalign rotor in Rotor coil turn Weakness or Excitation system stator, broken welds, distortion due to breakdown of transients with no no dowels centrifugal forces and excitation winding, suppression thermal distortion leads to ground

TABLE 12 VCM-E WARNINGS, FROM VOLTAGE SENSING ALONE, OF PROBLEM DEVELOPMENT IN ANY ELECTRICALLY-ISOLATED, WELL-GROUNDED, MACHINERY SHAFT SPECIFIC TO DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS AND GENERATORS A Shorted insulation E-Commutator or brush on bearing, seal or B Shorted armature C Armature winding D Low level armature problems causing ITEM coupling. core laminations. turn fault. winding fault to ground. circuit unbalance. f nrf nrf nrf nrf er Vpk <Vpkmnit >Vpkmxer >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx lpk/lav <2. er <2. <2. CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑st Brg. Temp. ↑st Arm. Temp. ↑ot ↑st OilParticles ↑st Audible ↑ot ↑ot Harm I ↑iter ↑ot ↑ot ↑ot Harm V ↑ot Fld grnd fault CONFIRM #2 VCM voltage readings with shaft grounding disconnected. Current flow in brgs, etc.? Vpk >Vpkmn >Vpkmxer >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx Vav >Vavmn >Vavmxer >Vavmx >Vlavmx >Vavmx Vf nrf nrf nrf nrf er Visual and Tests Look for shorted insula- ** Inspect lamination ** Inspect coils for signs ** Megger, high-pot test Operating examination tion; measure insulation edges with a 60× micro- of over heating. Measure armature phases then coil and fast fourier analysis resistance with ohmmeter scope. Perform core phase, coil group resis- groups and coils to on the power system following procedure in “loop test” and possibly tances, progressively to isolate fault voltages and line currents IEEE #113 el-cid test isolate. Causes Foreign object, bad Foreign object; loose, Short circuit between Coil fault near neutral Unbalance or harmonics design or assembly tight, or overheated coil Adjacent turns or or start of a large of the electrical power core. conductors. fault to ground. system H Short circuiting of J voltage transients F Uneven Air gap or field excitation winding I Field excitation from armature or ITEM field pole misalignment. turns winding ground fault excitation supply. f nrf nrf nrf nef Vpk >Vpkmx >Vpkmx↑er >>Vpkmxit >Vpkmx lpk/lav <2. >>2. CONFIRM #1 Based upon changes in value and with time of machine or train conventional instruments Brg. Vibr. ↑ot ↑ot Brg. Temp. Arm. Temp. OilParticles Audible Harm I Harm V Fld grnd fault ↑it CONFIRM #2 VCM voltage readings with shaft grounding disconnected. Current flow in brgs, etc.? Vpk >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >Vpkmx >>Vpkmx Vav >Vavmx >Vavmx >Vavmx <Vavmn Vf nrf nrf nrf nef Visual and ** Look for possible weld High field current at load. Low *Low megger, Visual check Oscilloscope trace of shaft Tests cracks, core or segment shifts. rotor winding AC impedance collector, field leads. **To voltage and current confirm Measure air gap fully around turn test ** AC pole drop test. locate fault. May require re- excitation supply as the source. the bore, both ends. Dismantle rotor moval and dismantle rotor Causes Misalign rotor in stator, Rotor coil turn distortion Weakness or breakdown Excitation system broken welds, no dowels due to centrifugal forces of excitation winding, transients with no and thermal distortion leads to ground suppression

Shorted insulation or lack of insulation on electrical machinery outboard bearings and, where applicable, couplings is indicated by low voltage on the voltage sensing brush at the motor outboard end, accompanied by very high current in the inboard end grounding brush.

Shaft rubs are indicated, during testing, when a motor exhibited a drop in shaft voltage to ½ its previous value. It should also be noted that an oscilloscope trace of this voltage had the appearance of a half-wave rectifier, rather than the prior full wave trace. Disassembly of the motor revealed that a rub had developed. When cleared, the full wave character of the shaft voltage was restored.

Electrostatic charge generation was indicated for a 750 MW turbine generator which had a shaft grounding current of 3.0 peak amperes on the VCM and a steam inlet to the turbine temperature of 970.degree. F. When this temperature was dropped to 950.degree. F., the grounding current increased to 6.0 amperes, thus indicating that wet steam, a known factor in electrostatic voltage generation, was the probable cause. When electrostatic shaft voltage generation is due to dry steam where it enters turbines with partial circumference entry ports or openings, voltages in the hundreds of volts have been measured.

Harmonics and voltage spikes, in the shaft, are found to reach hundreds of volts unless reduced by shaft grounding or reliable harmonic suppresser circuits in the excitation supply.

The VCM circuitry alarming on current below the minimum setting indicates loss of shaft grounding.

High, and possibly increasing, residual magnetism may be the cause of high and/or increasing shaft voltage and grounding currents, a condition requiring degaussing as dictated by the seriousness of the voltage condition or damage to bearings.

Electrical machinery defects include stator-winding faults, core lamination shorting, broken rotor bars in induction machines, shorted turns in synchronous machinery fields, stator gap or segment misalignment, and power system-induced unbalances or harmonics. All produce asymmetries in the magnetic or electric circuits, resulting in increases or changes in the shaft voltage and grounding currents.

The current shunts in the shaft grounding brush cable and voltage sensing brushes provide raw signals to the VCM system for processing. By processing and conditioning the sensed signals they are analyzed and evaluated to provide warning of developing problems with the rotating machinery. Table 1 presents the warning criteria for electrical electrically isolated rotating machinery shafts. Table 2 presents the warning criteria for induction motors and induction generators. Table 3 presents the warning criteria for synchronous motors and synchronous generators. Table 4 presents the warning criteria for direct current motors and direct current generators. Table 5 presents the warning criteria for electrical electrically isolated rotating machinery shafts based on grounding current alone. Table 6 presents the warning criteria for induction motors and induction generators based on grounding current alone. Table 7 presents the warning criteria for synchronous motors and synchronous generators based on grounding current alone. Table 8 presents the warning criteria for direct current motors and direct current generators based on grounding current alone. The particular warning criteria, is indicative of the developing problems which are identified at the top of each corresponding column. Appended to the end of each table is information which can be obtained from some types of conventional instruments and monitors for trending and either confirming, or not confirming, the indicated problem development. Optionally, the information from the conventional instrument and monitor trending can be incorporated into the signal processing and analysis, enhancing the value of the warning. Table 13 contains a summary of legends and notes, which are useful in understanding Tables 1 through 12.

TABLE #13 LEGEND AND NOTES CORRESPONDING TO TABLES 1 THROUGH 12 Ipk, Iav = Current peaks and averages of current in grounding brushes Vpk, Vav = Voltage peaks and averages of voltage sensing brushes. mn = preset minimum value; mx = preset maximum value. Applies to Ipk, Iav, Vpk. Vav < = Less than; << = Much less than; > = greater than; >> = much greater than. ↑ = increasing in value; ↓ = decreasing in value. + = added to normal values. nx = “n” times the previous, or expected, value. H = higher than typical. f = Waveform Frequency; ef = electric power frequency; rf = rotor frequency, sbf = current side band frequency. Inef = electric power frequency plus harmonics; ef + 3h = electric power frequency plus its third harmonic. nrf = rotor frequency plus harmonics. ot = over time; st = in short time; it = instantaneous, er = erratic or pulsing behavior;. EM = Electromagnetic pick-up signal on the operating unit, usually at the casing or bearing parting line. General description of the intent of the limiting variables:

An analysis routine based on the warning criteria in Tables 1 through 12 is set to detect and indicate the earliest occurrence of possible machine and/or train problems. Problem development indications are most reliable when initial benchmark settings of measured variables are set for machines which are new or in good operating condition.

Numerous modifications and alternative embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the foregoing description. The signal conditioning and analysis circuitry can be implemented on a dedicated integrated circuit. The dedicated integrated circuit can be a specialized analog device, a digital device, or a hybrid analog/digital device. Reduction of the conditioning and analysis circuits can enable the present invention, shaft voltage current monitoring system for early warning and problem detection, to be integrated into rotating machinery. The alarm/warning indicator may be integral and/or remote. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the best mode of carrying out the invention. Details of the structure may be varied substantially without departing from the spirit of the invention and the exclusive use of all modifications, which come within the scope of the appended claim, is reserved. 

1. A system for monitoring rotating machinery comprising: at least one current sensor for detecting shaft grounding current in the rotating machinery; a monitoring device for monitoring real-time shaft grounding current values over time; a detector for determining the change and/or determining the rate of change, in the shaft grounding current; an evaluation system for producing a warning as a function of the change and/or rate of change, in the shaft grounding current wherein the warning generated is indicative of a developing problem with the rotating machinery.
 2. The system as recited in claim 1 wherein monitoring real-time shaft grounding current values over time further comprises sampling real-time shaft current values for data reduction and compression over time.
 3. The system as recited in claim 1 further comprising an electric motor wherein the warning is indicative of a developing problem with the electric motor.
 4. The system as recited in claim 1 wherein the warning is indicative of a developing problem with the rotating machinery and the warning is further a function of the ratio of peak grounding current to average grounding current.
 5. The system as recited in claim 1 wherein determining rate of change in the shaft grounding current further comprises determining a first order derivative of the shaft grounding current.
 6. The system as recited in claim 1 wherein the warning is further a function of waveform frequency.
 7. The system as recited in claim 1 wherein the warning is further a function of rotor rotational frequency.
 8. A system for monitoring rotating machinery comprising: at least one voltage sensor for detecting shaft voltage in the rotating machinery; a monitoring device for monitoring real-time shaft voltage values over time; a detector for determining the change and/or determining the rate of change, in the shaft voltage; an evaluation system for producing a warning as a function of the change and/or rate of change, in the shaft voltage wherein the warning generated is indicative of a developing problem with the rotating machinery.
 9. The system as recited in claim 8 wherein monitoring real-time shaft voltage values over time further comprises sampling real-time shaft voltage values for data reduction and compression over time.
 10. The system as recited in claim 8 further comprising an electric motor wherein the warning is indicative of a developing problem with the electric motor.
 11. The system as recited in claim 8 wherein determining rate of change in the shaft voltage further comprises determining a first order derivative of the shaft voltage.
 12. The system as recited in claim 8 wherein the warning is further a function of waveform frequency.
 13. The system as recited in claim 8 wherein the warning is further a function of rotor rotational frequency.
 14. A method for monitoring rotating machinery comprising the steps of: detecting shaft grounding current in the rotating machinery; determining rate of change in the shaft grounding current; monitoring real-time shaft grounding current values over time; producing a warning as a function of the change and/or rate of change, in the shaft grounding current, wherein the warning generated is indicative of a developing problem with the rotating machinery.
 15. The method for monitoring rotating machinery as recited in claim 14 wherein monitoring real-time shaft grounding current values over time further comprises sampling real-time shaft current values for data reduction and compression over time.
 16. The method for monitoring rotating machinery as recited in claim 14 wherein the warning is indicative of a developing problem with an electric motor.
 17. The method for monitoring rotating machinery as recited in claim 14 wherein the warning is indicative of a developing problem with the rotating machinery and the warning is further a function of the ratio of peak grounding current to average grounding current.
 18. The method for monitoring rotating machinery as recited in claim 14 wherein determining rate of change in the shaft grounding current further comprises determining a first order derivative of the shaft grounding current.
 19. The method for monitoring rotating machinery as recited in claim 14 wherein the warning is further a function of waveform frequency.
 20. The method for monitoring rotating machinery as recited in claim 14 wherein the warning is further a function of rotor rotational frequency.
 21. A method for monitoring rotating machinery comprising the steps of: detecting shaft voltage in the rotating machinery; determining rate of change in the shaft voltage; monitoring real-time shaft voltage values over time; producing a warning as a function of the change and/or rate of change, in the shaft voltage, wherein the warning generated is indicative of a developing problem with the rotating machinery.
 22. The method for monitoring rotating machinery as recited in claim 21 wherein monitoring real-time shaft voltage values over time further comprises sampling real-time shaft voltage values for data reduction and compression over time.
 23. The method for monitoring rotating machinery as recited in claim 21 wherein the warning is indicative of a developing problem with an electric motor.
 24. The method for monitoring rotating machinery as recited in claim 21 wherein determining rate of change in the shaft voltage further comprises determining a first order derivative of the shaft voltage.
 25. The method for monitoring rotating machinery as recited in claim 21 wherein the warning is further a function of waveform frequency.
 26. The method for monitoring rotating machinery as recited in claim 21 wherein the warning is further a function of rotor rotational frequency. 